Molecular Biomarkers for the Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Pharmacodynamics of Spinal Muscular Atrophy.

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a progressive degenerative illness that affects 1 in every 6 to 11,000 live births. This autosomal recessive disorder is caused by homozygous deletion or mutation of the SMN1 gene (survival motor neuron). As a backup, the SMN1 gene has the SMN2 gene, which produces only 10% of the functional SMN protein. Nusinersen and risdiplam, the first FDA-approved medications, act as SMN2 pre-mRNA splicing modifiers and enhance the quantity of SMN protein produced by this gene. The emergence of new therapies for SMA has increased the demand for good prognostic and pharmacodynamic (response) biomarkers in SMA. This article discusses current molecular diagnostic, prognostic, and pharmacodynamic biomarkers that could be assessed in SMA patients' body fluids. Although various proteomic, genetic, and epigenetic biomarkers have been explored in SMA patients, more research is needed to uncover new prognostic and pharmacodynamic biomarkers (or a combination of biomarkers).

Circulating miRNAs as Potential Biomarkers for Patient Stratification in Bipolar Disorder: A Combined Review and Data Mining Approach.

Bipolar disorder is a debilitating psychiatric condition that is shaped in a concerted interplay between hereditary and triggering risk factors. Profound depression and mania define the disorder, but high clinical heterogeneity among patients complicates diagnosis as well as pharmacological intervention. Identification of peripheral biomarkers that capture the genomic response to the exposome may thus progress the development of personalized treatment. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a prominent role in of post-transcriptional gene regulation in the context of brain development and mental health. They are coordinately modulated by multifarious effectors, and alteration in their expression profile has been reported in a variety of psychiatric conditions. Intriguingly, miRNAs can be released from CNS cells and enter circulatory bio-fluids where they remain remarkably stable. Hence, peripheral circulatory miRNAs may act as bio-indicators for the combination of genetic risk, environmental exposure, and/or treatment response. Here we provide a comprehensive literature search and data mining approach that summarize current experimental evidence supporting the applicability of miRNAs for patient stratification in bipolar disorder.

MTORC1 signaling as a biomarker in major depressive disorder and its pharmacological modulation by novel rapid-acting antidepressants.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a multifactorial psychiatric disorder with obscure pathophysiology. A biomarker-based approach in combination with standardized interview-based instruments is needed to identify MDD subtypes and novel therapeutic targets. Recent findings support the impairment of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) in MDD. No well-established biomarkers of mTORC1 disease- and treatment-modulated activity are currently available for use in early phase antidepressant drug (AD) development. This review aims to summarize biomarkers of mTORC1 activity in MDD and to suggest how these could be implemented in future early clinical trials on mTORC1 modulating ADs. Therefore, a PubMed-based narrative literature review of the mTORC1 involvement in MDD was performed. We have summarized recent pre-clinical and clinical findings linking the MDD to the impaired activity of several key biomarkers related to mTORC1. Also, cases of restoration of these impairments by classical ADs and novel fast-acting investigational ADs are summarized. The presented biomarkers may be used to monitor pharmacological effects by novel rapid-acting mTORC1-targeting ADs. Based on findings in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells, we argue that those may serve as an ex vivo model for evaluation of mTORC1 activity and propose the use of the summarized biomarkers for this purpose. This could both facilitate the selection of a pharmacodynamically active dose and guide future early clinical efficacy studies in MDD. In conclusion, this review provides a blueprint for the rational development of rapid-acting mTORC1-targeting ADs.

Evaluation of serum levels of C-reactive protein, D-Dimer and Autologous Serum Skin Test in patients with Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria in a Brazilian tertiary center: a cross-sectional study

Abstract Background: The pathophysiology of urticaria is still poorly understood. Recent studies demonstrate that the activation of coagulation is correlated with the clinical activity of Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria. Coagulation and inflammation are strongly linked. Objectives: To correlate the severity and activity of Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria with the levels of D-dimer, C-reactive protein, and autologous serum test in patients with Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria. Methods: The study included 55 patients diagnosed with chronic spontaneous urticaria. D-dimer levels were measured using enzyme-linked fluorescent assay and C-reactive protein levels were measured using the nephelometric method; autologous serum testing was performed on patients who discontinued antihistamine therapy. The severity of the disease was assessed using the urticaria activity score. Results: patients with severe, spontaneous, and difficult-to-control chronic urticaria had elevated serum levels of D-dimer, as well as a positive autologous serum test. Little correlation was demonstrated between the severity of chronic spontaneous urticaria and the levels of C-reactive protein. Conclusion: The authors concluded that patients with severe Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria showed signs of activated fibrinolysis. Most patients with high clinical scores had high D-dimer values. Patients with positive results for the autologous serum test also had more severe Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria and needed more drugs to control the disease. Finally, little correlation was found between C-reactive protein levels and disease severity. Study limitations: The main limitation was the small sample of patients. In the present patients, it was demonstrated that serum D-dimer levels and the autologous serum test can act as predictive markers of severity and activity of Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria.

Evaluation of serum levels of C-reactive protein, D-Dimer and Autologous Serum Skin Test in patients with Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria in a Brazilian tertiary center : a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: The pathophysiology of urticaria is still poorly understood. Recent studies demonstrate that the activation of coagulation is correlated with the clinical activity of Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria. Coagulation and inflammation are strongly linked. OBJECTIVES: To correlate the severity and activity of Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria with the levels of D-dimer, C-reactive protein, and autologous serum test in patients with Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria. METHODS: The study included 55 patients diagnosed with chronic spontaneous urticaria. D-dimer levels were measured using enzyme-linked fluorescent assay and C-reactive protein levels were measured using the nephelometric method; autologous serum testing was performed on patients who discontinued antihistamine therapy. The severity of the disease was assessed using the urticaria activity score. RESULTS: patients with severe, spontaneous, and difficult-to-control chronic urticaria had elevated serum levels of D-dimer, as well as a positive autologous serum test. Little correlation was demonstrated between the severity of chronic spontaneous urticaria and the levels of C-reactive protein. CONCLUSION: The authors concluded that patients with severe Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria showed signs of activated fibrinolysis. Most patients with high clinical scores had high D-dimer values. Patients with positive results for the autologous serum test also had more severe Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria and needed more drugs to control the disease. Finally, little correlation was found between C-reactive protein levels and disease severity. STUDY LIMITATIONS: The main limitation was the small sample of patients. In the present patients, it was demonstrated that serum D-dimer levels and the autologous serum test can act as predictive markers of severity and activity of Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria.

Dopamine Buffering Capacity Imaging: A Pharmacodynamic fMRI Method for Staging Parkinson Disease.

We propose a novel pharmacological fMRI (phMRI) method for objectively quantifying disease severity in Parkinson disease (PD). It is based on the clinical observation that the benefit from a dose of levodopa wears off more quickly as PD progresses. Biologically this has been thought to represent decreased buffering capacity for dopamine as nigrostriatal cells die. Buffering capacity has been modeled based on clinical effects, but clinical measurements are influenced by confounding factors. The new method proposes to measure the effect objectively based on the timing of the known response of several brain regions to exogenous levodopa. Such responses are robust and can be quantified using perfusion MRI. Here we present simulation studies based on published clinical dose-response data and an intravenous levodopa infusion. Standard pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic methods were used to model the response. Then the effect site rate constant k e was estimated from simulated response data plus Gaussian noise. Predicted time - effect curves sampled at times consistent with phMRI differ substantially based on clinical severity. Estimated k e from noisy input data was recovered with good accuracy. These simulation results support the feasibility of levodopa phMRI hysteresis mapping to measure the severity of dopamine denervation objectively and simultaneously in all brain regions with a robust imaging response to exogenous levodopa.

Immunohistochemical analysis of apoptosis and cell proliferation in lungs of premature infants with chronic lung disease (bronchopulmonary dysplasia) / Análise imuno-histoquímica da apoptose e proliferação celular em pulmões de prematuros com doença pulmonar crônica (displasia broncopulmonar)

ABSTRACT Introduction: The pathophisiology of chronic lung disease (CLD), clinically known as bronchopulmonary dysplasia is not clear. It is believed that protective mechanisms, such as the release of inflammatory mediators and the activation of apoptotic and/or proliferative processes are activated in the lung tissue of premature infants in an attempt to repair tissue injury caused by exposure to oxygen and mechanical ventilation. Objective: Assess the presence of apoptosis and cell proliferation in the lungs of premature infants with CLD, exposed to oxygen and/or mechanical ventilation, by analyzing the proteins expression: proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), tumor necrosis factor receptor family member (Fas), fas-associated protein with death domain (FADD), tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1-associated death domain protein (TRADD), Caspase 3 and Caspase 8. Material and methods: We analyzed 32 infants autopsies at gestational age of less than 34 weeks exposed to oxygen therapy. The study was divided into three groups: "classic" CLD, "new" CLD and "without" CLD. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed. Results and discussion: A higher proliferation rate was observed in infants with CLD suggesting that longer exposure to mechanical ventilation may stimulates cell proliferation. The PTEN and Caspase 8 expressions were higher in the "new" CLD group, compared to the "without" CLD group, indicating that the "new" CLD form is more susceptible to apoptosis. Conclusion: Apoptosis and cell proliferation are involved in the pathophisiology of CLD. The "new" CLD form is more susceptible to apoptosis, while cell proliferation is more evident in the groups with CLD.

RESUMO Introdução: A fisiopatologia da doença pulmonar crônica, clinicamente conhecida como displasia broncopulmonar (DBP), ainda é incerta. Acredita-se que mecanismos de proteção, como liberação de mediadores inflamatórios e ativação de processos apoptóticos e/ou proliferativos, são acionados no tecido pulmonar de prematuros na tentativa de reparar os danos teciduais causados pela exposição ao oxigênio e à ventilação mecânica. Objetivo: Avaliar a existência de apoptose e proliferação celular em pulmões de neonatos prematuros com DBP, expostos ao oxigênio e/ou à ventilação mecânica, por meio do estudo da expressão das proteínas: antígeno nuclear de proliferação celular (PCNA), homólogo da fosfatase e tensina (PTEN), linfoma de células B 2 (Bcl-2), membro da família de receptor do fator de necrose tumoral (Fas), proteína de domínio de morte associada ao Fas (FADD), proteína do domínio de morte associada ao receptor do fator de necrose tumoral (TRADD), Caspase 3 e Caspase 8. Material e método: Foram analisadas 32 autópsias de recém-nascidos, com idade gestacional inferior a 34 semanas, expostos ao oxigênio. O estudo foi dividido em três grupos: DBP "clássica", DBP "nova" e "sem" DBP; realizou-se estudo imuno-histoquímico. Resultados e discussão: Um índice de proliferação mais elevado foi observado nos recém-nascidos com DBP, sugerindo que o maior tempo de exposição à ventilação mecânica pode estimular a proliferação celular. A expressão das proteínas PTEN e Caspase 8 foram maiores no grupo da DBP "nova" em relação ao grupo sem DBP, indicando que a DBP "nova" é mais suscetível à apoptose. Conclusão: A apoptose e a proliferação celular estão envolvidas na fisiopatologia da DBP, sendo a apoptose mais evidente no grupo com DBP "nova".

Efeito nefroprotetor do α bisabolol na lesão renal aguda em modelos de isquemia reperfusão

A Isquemia/Reperfusão (I/R)é um fenômeno complexo, que contribui para a mortalidade e morbidade e é um fator predisponente para o estabelecimento da Lesão Renal Aguda (LRA). Várias estratégias e recursos são utilizados pelascélulas para prevenir ou diminuir a injúria celular causada pelo estresse oxidativo. Dessa forma, ressalta-se a importância do estudo utilizando substâncias como o (-)-α-Bisabolol, o qual apresenta um potencial antioxidante. Ademais, o estudo de ferramentaspara diagnóstico precoce do desenvolvimento da lesão renal utilizando biomarcadores cada vez mais sensíveis e específicos, como ressaltado neste trabalho o KIM-1, pode auxiliar na detecção da injúria e acompanhamento da progressão do processo de melhorae cura. Logo, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo estudar os possíveis efeitos nefroprotetores do (-)-α-Bisabolol na Lesão Renal Aguda (LRA) em modelos de Isquemia/Reperfusão (I/R), bem como estudar obiomarcador KIM-1 como preditor precoce da injúria renal. Ratos Wistar machos foram submetidos aoprocedimento cirúrgico de nefrectomia direita e clampeamento da artéria renal esquerda. Amostras de urina, sangue e tecido renal foram coletadas para avaliações adicionais. Um modelo in vitro de I/R foi realizado em cultura de linhagens de células tubulares renais LLC-MK2 para avaliar a viabilidade celular pelo ensaio de redução do MTT...

Ischemia / reperfusion (IR) isa complex phenomenon that contributes to mortality and morbidity and is a predisposing factor for the establishment of acute kidney injury (AKI). Various strategies and resources are used by cells to prevent or decrease the cellular injury caused by oxidative stress. Thus, it emphasizes the importance of studying using substances such as (-)-α-Bisabolol, which has an antioxidant potential. Furthermore, the study of strategies for early detection of developing kidney damage using increasingly sensitive and specific biomarkers, as pointed out in this paper the KIM-1, can aid in the detection of injury and follow the progression of improvement and healing process. Thus, this paper aims to study the possible nephroprotectiveseffects of (-)-α-Bisabolol in AcuteKidney Injury (AKI) in models of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), as well as study the KIM-1 biomarker as a predictor early renal injury. Male Wistar rats underwent surgical procedure right nephrectomy and clamping of the left renal artery. Samples of urine, blood and kidney tissue were collected for further evaluation. An in vitro model of I/R was performed in a culture of renal tubular cell lines, LLC-MK2 to assess cell viability by the MTT reduction assay...

Analysis on the serum levels of the biomarker CTX-II in professional indoor soccer players over the course of one season.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyze the blood serum levels of CTX-II in professional indoor soccer players, at three different times during one season: at the start of the pre-season, four months later (a time that marks the middle of the season) and at the end of the season. METHODS: Fourteen male soccer players of mean age 19 years were included. Blood samples of 3 mL were collected from each individual. The samples were analyzed by means of Elisa tests. RESULTS: There was a significant increase in the serum level of CTX-II in the indoor soccer players, from the beginning to the end of the season (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: These data suggest that joint degradation had occurred in these soccer players, by the end of this period. It is evident that further studies are needed, with methodological rigor, so as to make an effective contribution toward precise elucidation of the etiology of this osteoarthritis and its relationship with the biomarkers, as a tool for early diagnosis.

OBJETIVO: Analisar os níveis séricos sanguíneos de CTX-II em atletas profissionais de futebol de salão, em três momentos distintos durante uma temporada: no início da pré-temporada, quatro meses após (período que marca o meio da temporada) e no fim da temporada. MÉTODOS: Foram incluídos 14 atletas do gênero masculino e média de idade de 19 anos. Foram coletados 3 mL de sangue de cada indivíduo. As amostras foram analisadas pelo teste do tipo Elisa. RESULTADOS: Houve aumento significativo dos níveis séricos de CTX-II nos atletas de futebol de salão, comparando-se o início e o fim de uma temporada (p < 0.01). CONCLUSÃO: Esses dados sugerem a ocorrência de degradação articular nos atletas, ao término desse período. Fica evidente a necessidade de futuros estudos, com rigor metodológico, que possam contribuir efetivamente para a elucidação precisa da etiologia da OA e sua relação com os biomarcadores como instrumento de diagnóstico precoce.

Análise dos níveis séricos do biomarcador CTX-II em atletas profissionais de futebol de salão durante uma temporada / Analysis on the serum levels of the biomarker CTX-II in professional indoor soccer players over the course of one season

OBJETIVO: Analisar os níveis séricos sanguíneos de CTX-II em atletas profissionais de futebol de salão, em três momentos distintos durante uma temporada: no início da pré-temporada, quatro meses após (período que marca o meio da temporada) e no fim da temporada. MÉTODOS: Foram incluídos 14 atletas do gênero masculino e média de idade de 19 anos. Foram coletados 3 mL de sangue de cada indivíduo. As amostras foram analisadas pelo teste do tipo Elisa. RESULTADOS: Houve aumento significativo dos níveis séricos de CTX-II nos atletas de futebol de salão, comparando-se o início e o fim de uma temporada (p < 0,01). CONCLUSÃO: Esses dados sugerem a ocorrência de degradação articular nos atletas, ao término desse período. Fica evidente a necessidade de futuros estudos, com rigor metodológico, que possam contribuir efetivamente para a elucidação precisa da etiologia da OA e sua relação com os biomarcadores como instrumento de diagnóstico precoce.

OBJECTIVE:The aim of this study was to analyze the blood serum levels of CTX-II in professional indoor soccer players, at three different times during one season: at the start of the pre-season, four months later (a time that marks the middle of the season) and at the end of the season.METHODS:Fourteen male soccer players of mean age 19 years were included. Blood samples of 3 mL were collected from each individual. The samples were analyzed by means of Elisa tests.RESULTS:There was a significant increase in the serum level of CTX-II in the indoor soccer players, from the beginning to the end of the season (p< 0.01).CONCLUSION:These data suggest that joint degradation had occurred in these soccer players, by the end of this period. It is evident that further studies are needed, with methodological rigor, so as to make an effective contribution toward precise elucidation of the etiology of this osteoarthritis and its relationship with the biomarkers, as a tool fr early diagnosis.

Reproducibility of pharmacological ASL using sequences from different vendors: implications for multicenter drug studies.

OBJECT: The current study assesses the multicenter feasibility of pharmacological arterial spin labeling (ASL) by comparing a caffeine-induced relative cerebral blood flow decrease (%CBF↓) measured with two pseudo-continuous ASL sequences as provided by two major vendors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-two healthy volunteers were scanned twice with both a 3D spiral (GE) and a 2D EPI (Philips) sequence. The inter-session reproducibility was evaluated by comparisons of the mean and within-subject coefficient of variability (wsCV) of the %CBF↓, both for the total cerebral gray matter and on a voxel level. RESULTS: The %CBF↓ was larger when measured with the 3D spiral sequence (23.9 ± 5.9 %) than when measured with the 2D EPI sequence (19.2 ± 5.6 %) on a total gray matter level (p = 0.02), and on a voxel level in the posterior watershed area (p < 0.001). There was no difference between the gray matter wsCV of the 3D spiral (57.3 %) and 2D EPI sequence (66.7 %, p = 0.3), whereas on a voxel level, the wsCV was visibly different between the sequences. CONCLUSION: The observed differences between ASL sequences of both vendors can be explained by differences in the employed readout modules. These differences may seriously hamper multicenter pharmacological ASL, which strongly encourages standardization of ASL implementations.

Drug similarity search based on combined signatures in gene expression profiles.

OBJECTIVES: Recently, comparison of drug responses on gene expression has been a major approach to identifying the functional similarity of drugs. Previous studies have mostly focused on a single feature, the expression differences of individual genes. We provide a more robust and accurate method to compare the functional similarity of drugs by diversifying the features of comparison in gene expression and considering the sample dependent variations. METHODS: For differentially expressed gene measurement, we modified the conventional t-test to normalize variations in diverse experimental conditions of individual samples. To extract significant differentially co-expressed gene modules, we searched maximal cliques among the co-expressed gene network. Finally, we calculated a combined similarity score by averaging the two scaled scores from the above two measurements. RESULTS: This method shows significant performance improvement in comparison to other approaches in the test with Connectivity Map data. In the test to find the drugs based on their own expression profiles with leave-one-out cross validation, the proposed method showed an area under the curve (AUC) score of 0.99, which is much higher than scores obtained with previous methods, ranging from 0.71 to 0.93. In the drug networks, we could find well clustered drugs having the same target proteins and novel relations among drugs implying the possibility of drug repurposing. CONCLUSIONS: Inclusion of the features of a co-expressed module provides more implications to infer drug action. We propose that this method be used to find collaborative cellular mechanisms associated with drug action and to simply identify drugs having similar responses.

Expressão de moesina e podoplanina no câncer de boca e sua relação com o processo de invasão tumoral / Expression of moesin and podoplanin in oral cancer and its relation to the process of tumor invasion

A proteína moesina, uma das proteínas do complexo ERM (ezrina, radixina e moesina), participa do processo de migração de células tumorais controlando a ligação entre o citoesqueleto de actina e os receptores transmembrana. As proteínas ERM vêm sendo investigadas como ligantes de outras glicoproteínas, como a podoplanina, cuja expressão é encontrada em células malignas de diversas neoplasias, incluindo o carcinoma espinocelular (CEC) de boca. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar as expressões imuno-histoquímicas da moesina e da podoplanina pelas células malignas no front de invasão de 84 pacientes com CEC de boca e suas associações com a evolução clínica e com o prognóstico dos pacientes. A associação entre a expressão imuno-histoquímica da moesina e da podoplanina pelas células malignas e as variáveis demográficas, clínicas e microscópicas foi avaliada pelo teste qui-quadrado ou teste exato de Fisher. As análises de sobrevida global e livre de doença em 5 e 10 anos foram calculadas pelo estimulador produto-limite de Kaplan-Meier e a comparação das curvas de sobrevida realizada pelo teste de log-rank. Os resultados mostraram que houve expressão da moesina pelas células malignas na região do front de invasão tumoral, entretanto, nenhuma associação estatisticamente significativa foi encontrada entre esta proteína e as características clínicas, demográficas e microscópicas. A expressão da podoplanina, pelas células malignas, foi significativamente associada à radioterapia (p=0,004), à invasão muscular (p=0,006) e ao comprometimento linfonodal (p=0,013). Não houve associação significativa entre a expressão das duas proteínas nos CECs de boca (p=0,460). A forte expressão da moesina pelas células malignas constituiu um fator de prognóstico desfavorável para os pacientes com CEC de boca e estadiamento clínico II e III. O comprometimento linfonodal histopatológico também se mostrou fator de prognóstico significativo para a recidiva da doença (p=0,018)...

The moesin protein, one of the proteins of the ERM complex (ezrin, radixin and moesin) takes part in the migration of tumor cells process by controlling the relation between actin cytoskeleton and transmembrane receptors. The ERM proteins have been investigated as ligants of other glycoproteins, such as podoplanin, which are found in malignant cells of malignant, including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunohistochemical expressions of moesin and podoplanin by malignant cells in the invasive front of 84 patients with oral squamous carcinoma and its association with clinical outcome and patients' prognosis. Chi- square or Fisher's exact test was used to analyze the association between the moesin and podoplanin expressions by malignant cells and demographic, clinical and microscopic variables in oral squamous cell carcinoma patients. The 5 and 10 years survival rates were calculated by Kaplan-Meier method and the comparison of survival curves were performed using log-rank test. The results showed that there was moesin expression by malignant cells in the invasive front, however, no statistically significant association was found between this protein and demographic, clinical and microscopic features. The expression of podoplanin by malignant cells was significantly associated with radiotherapy (p=0.004), with muscular invasion (p=0.006) and lymph node involvement (p=0.013). There was no significant association between the expression of two proteins in OSCC (p=0.460). The strong expression of moesin by malignant cells was a factor of unfavorable prognosis for patients with OSCC and clinical stage II and III. The histopathological lymph node involvement was also significant prognostic factor for disease recurrence (p=0.018). These results suggest that the expression of moesin by malignant cells and lymph node involvement may help to determine patients with squamous cell carcinoma who have a poor prognosis...

Drug Similarity Search Based on Combined Signatures in Gene Expression Profiles / 대한의료정보학회지

OBJECTIVES: Recently, comparison of drug responses on gene expression has been a major approach to identifying the functional similarity of drugs. Previous studies have mostly focused on a single feature, the expression differences of individual genes. We provide a more robust and accurate method to compare the functional similarity of drugs by diversifying the features of comparison in gene expression and considering the sample dependent variations. METHODS: For differentially expressed gene measurement, we modified the conventional t-test to normalize variations in diverse experimental conditions of individual samples. To extract significant differentially co-expressed gene modules, we searched maximal cliques among the co-expressed gene network. Finally, we calculated a combined similarity score by averaging the two scaled scores from the above two measurements. RESULTS: This method shows significant performance improvement in comparison to other approaches in the test with Connectivity Map data. In the test to find the drugs based on their own expression profiles with leave-one-out cross validation, the proposed method showed an area under the curve (AUC) score of 0.99, which is much higher than scores obtained with previous methods, ranging from 0.71 to 0.93. In the drug networks, we could find well clustered drugs having the same target proteins and novel relations among drugs implying the possibility of drug repurposing. CONCLUSIONS: Inclusion of the features of a co-expressed module provides more implications to infer drug action. We propose that this method be used to find collaborative cellular mechanisms associated with drug action and to simply identify drugs having similar responses.

FDG-PET as a predictive biomarker for therapy with everolimus in metastatic renal cell cancer.

The mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) inhibitor, everolimus, affects tumor growth by targeting cellular metabolic proliferation pathways and delays renal cell carcinoma (RCC) progression. Preclinical evidence suggests that baseline elevated tumor glucose metabolism as quantified by FDG-PET ([(18)F] fluorodeoxy-glucose positron emission tomography) may predict antitumor activity. Metastatic RCC (mRCC) patients refractory to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway inhibition were treated with standard dose everolimus. FDG-PET scans were obtained at baseline and 2 weeks; serial computed tomography (CT) scans were obtained at baseline and every 8 weeks. Maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) of the most FDG avid lesion, average SUVmax of all measured lesions and their corresponding 2-week relative changes were examined for association with 8-week change in tumor size. A total of 63 patients were enrolled; 50 were evaluable for the primary endpoint of which 48 had both PET scans. Patient characteristics included the following: 36 (72%) clear cell histology and median age 59 (range: 37-80). Median pre- and 2-week treatment average SUVmax were 6.6 (1-17.9) and 4.2 (1-13.9), respectively. Response evaluation criteria in solid tumors (RECIST)-based measurements demonstrated an average change in tumor burden of 0.2% (-32.7% to 35.9%) at 8 weeks. Relative change in average SUVmax was the best predictor of change in tumor burden (all evaluable P = 0.01; clear cell subtype P = 0.02), with modest correlation. Baseline average SUVmax was correlated with overall survival and progression-free survival (PFS) (P = 0.023; 0.020), but not with change in tumor burden. Everolimus therapy decreased SUVs on follow-up PET scans in mRCC patients, but changes were only modestly correlated with changes in tumor size. Thus, clinical use of FDG-PET-based biomarkers is challenged by high variability.

Endophenotypes and biomarkers: an approach to molecular genetic studies of mental disorders / Endofenotipos y biomarcadores: un enfoque hacia el estudio genético molecular de los trastornos mentales

Many precise aspects of the etiology and pathophysiology of mental disorders are still unknown. Susceptibility to these disorders depends in part on variability in the genome sequence among individuals. The genotype, a given environment, a specific epigenetic profile and stochastic factors affect the phenotype, which includes body structures, physiological processes, and behavior. Since the access to the Central Nervous System is generally difficult and in most cases there are still no biological tests that necessarily contribute to diagnosis, psychiatric phenotypes are usually limited to clinical symptoms and functioning. Therefore, researchers are currently seeking alternatives to facilitate the identification of genetic risk factors. One strategy is to identify measurable biological, cognitive, and behavioral markers, intermediate phenotypes, or endophenotypes, which in the best case may be simpler than general psychiatric diagnoses, ideally with a precise biological meaning and a more direct relationship with the action of specific genes. Endophenotypes have been very useful in other fields of medicine. Currently, there are several proposed criteria and specifications for endophenotypes. Examples of possible types of endophenotypes or biomarkers, as well as treatment response phenotypes in some psychiatric disorders will be discussed in this review.

Aún se desconocen diversos aspectos de la etiología y fisiopatología de los trastornos mentales. La susceptibilidad a éstos depende en parte de la variabilidad en la secuencia genómica en las personas. El genotipo, un ambiente dado, un perfil epigenético específico y factores estocásticos afectan el fenotipo, el cual incluye estructuras corporales, procesos fisiológicos y conducta. Los fenotipos psiquiátricos generalmente se limitan al funcionamiento y a los síntomas clínicos, debido a que el acceso al Sistema Nervioso Central es complicado y en la mayoría de los casos no hay pruebas biológicas que necesariamente contribuyan al diagnóstico. Por esta razón, en la actualidad se buscan alternativas para facilitar la identificación de factores de riesgo de tipo genético. La identificación de marcadores biológicos, cognitivos o conductuales medibles, fenotipos intermedios o endofenotipos podría ser una de estas nuevas opciones. Estos marcadores podrían ser más simples que el diagnóstico psiquiátrico general, y de manera ideal tendrían un significado biológico preciso y una acción más directa en los genes. El empleo de endofenotipos ha sido útil en otras ramas de la medicina. Hasta ahora se han propuesto diversos criterios y especificaciones para los endofenotipos. En esta revisión se describirán posibles tipos de endofenotipos o biomarcadores, así como fenotipos relacionados con la respuesta farmacológica en algunos trastornos psiquiátricos.

The frequency of anti-infliximab antibodies in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated in routine care and the associations with adverse drug reactions and treatment failure.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the frequency of anti-infliximab antibodies in patients with RA and the associations with adverse drug reactions and treatment failure. METHODS: Based on the DANBIO registry, patients with RA who initiated treatment with infliximab at Hvidovre Hospital between 2000 and 2008 and had available serum samples were identified. The patients were followed for 52 weeks. Anti-infliximab antibodies were determined prior to infusion at baseline and during follow-up (weeks 2, 6, 14 and 52 or at withdrawal) using the IMPACT indirect assay (Roche Diagnostics) and merged with clinical data prospectively registered in the DANBIO registry. RESULTS: A total of 218 patients with RA were included (80% females, median age 56 years, disease duration 10 years, 65% RF positive, median DAS28 = 5.0). During the 52-week follow-up, 28 patients (13%) withdrew due to adverse events and 50 (23%) due to treatment failure. Antibodies were detected in 118 patients (54%) during follow-up. Patients with detectable anti-infliximab antibodies after 6 weeks had an increased risk of adverse drug reactions [hazard ratio (HR) = 5.06, 95% CI 2.36, 10.84; P < 0.0001] compared with patients without anti-infliximab antibodies. Similar results were observed in patients with anti-infliximab antibodies after 14 weeks (HR = 3.30, 95% CI 1.56, 6.99; P = 0.0009). Patients with detectable anti-infliximab antibodies during the 52-week follow-up were less likely to achieve sustained minimal disease activity and remission. CONCLUSION: Early anti-infliximab antibody formation increased the risk of adverse drug reactions, including infusion reactions. Anti-infliximab antibody formation during the 52-week follow-up decreased the likelihood of minimal disease activity and remission in patients with RA treated in routine care.

Correlação da imunoexpressão de podoplanina e ezrin em carcinomas espinocelulares de lábio / Correlation of podoplanin and ezrin immunoexpression in lip squamous cell carcinoma

A podoplanina humana consiste em uma proteína associada ao processo de invasão das células epiteliais neoplásicas, sendo sua alta expressão correlacionada com um pior prognóstico para os pacientes com câncer de cabeça e pescoço. A porção citoplasmática da podoplanina pode se ligar a ezrin, uma proteína que vem sendo associada com a ocorrência de metástases e menor sobrevida para os pacientes com neoplasias malignas. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar em 48 carcinomas espinocelulares de lábio inferior a expressão imuno-histoquímica da podoplanina e da ezrin, nas células do front de invasão tumoral, e verificar a correlação entre a expressão das duas proteínas nas células epiteliais neoplásicas. A expressão membranosa e citoplasmática da podoplanina e da ezrin foi avaliada nas células neoplásicas periféricas e centrais das ilhotas tumorais, por meio de um método semi-quantitativo de escores. A associação entre a expressão membranosa e citoplasmática da podoplanina e da ezrin nos tumores foi feita pelo teste de qui-quadrado, com nível de significância de 5% e a correlação entre a expressão das duas proteínas foi realizada pelo teste de correlação de Spearman. Os resultados demonstraram uma forte expressão membranosa e citoplasmática da podoplanina nas células periféricas do front de invasão tumoral com ausência desta expressão na região central das ilhotas tumorais. A imunomarcação da ezrin foi homogênea nos tumores e predominantemente citoplasmática. Uma diferença estatisticamente significativa foi encontrada entre a expressão da podoplanina nas células neoplásicas periféricas e centrais (p<0,001), como também entre a expressão da ezrin membranosa e citoplasmática (p<0,001) nos carcinomas espinocelulares de lábio. Houve uma correlação positiva, porém sem significância estatística, entre a expressão da podoplanina membranosa e da ezrin membranosa ou citoplasmática nas células neoplásicas periféricas. Estes resultados comprovam que a podoplanina...

The human podoplanin consists in a protein associated to the invasion process of the epithelial malignant cells, being your high expression correlated with poor prognosis in patients with head and neck cancer. The cytoplasmic tail of the podoplanin can bind to ezrin, a protein that have been associated with metastasis and lower survival rate in patients with malignant neoplasms. The aim of this study was evaluate in 48 squamous cell carcinomas of the lower lip, the immunohistochemical expression of podoplanin and ezrin, in the invasive front, and verify correlation between the expression of both proteins by epithelial neoplastic cells. The membranous and cytoplasmic expression of podoplanin and ezrin was evaluated in peripheral and central areas of the tumor islets, using a semi-quantitative score method. The association between the membranous and cytoplasmic expression of podoplanin and ezrin in the tumors was performed by chi-square test, using a significance level of 5% and the correlation between the expression of both proteins was performed by Spearman correlation test. The results showed a high membranous and cytoplasmic podoplanin expression in the peripheral cells of the invasive front, with no expression of this protein in the central cells. The ezrin immunostaining was homogeneous and observed mainly in the cytoplasm of malignant cells. A statistically significant difference was found between the expression of podoplanin in peripheral and central tumor cells (p<0,001), as well between the membranous and cytoplasmic expression of ezrin (p<0.001) in squamous cell carcinoma of the lip. There was a positive correlation, but without statistical significance, between the expression of membranous podoplanin and membranous or cytoplasmic ezrin in the peripheral tumor cells. These results prove that podoplanin and ezrin are strongly expressed by malignant cells of the invasive front tumor and suggest that both proteins may be participating in the invasive...

Characterization of biological responses of colorectal cancer cells to anticancer regimens.

PURPOSE: Identification of subgroups of patients who differ in their response to treatment could help to establish which of the best available chemotherapeutic options are best, based on biological activity. In metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC), novel molecular-targeted agents that act on pathways that regulate cell growth, the cell cycle, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and invasion are being developed. Here, we employed an in vitro chemosensitivity assay to evaluate the biological efficacy of conventional monotherapies and combination chemotherapy with targeted drugs. METHODS: The chemosensitivities of 12 CRC cell lines to the established regimens FOLFOX (5-fluorouracil [5-FU] + leucovorin + oxaliplatin) and FOLFIRI (5-FU + leucovorin + irinotecan) and to therapy with these regimens in combination with the biologically targeted drugs bevacizumab or cetuximab were comparatively evaluated for their effects on apoptotic and autophagic cell death processes, angiogenesis, and invasion. RESULTS: Each of the chemotherapeutic regimens promoted apoptotic cell death and invasion. All drug regimens caused significantly greater apoptotic cell death with activation of caspase-3 in SW480 cells compared to other cells, effects that were associated with a remarkable reduction in matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity. The FOLFOX regimen more effectively promoted apoptotic cell death, angiogenesis, and invasion than the FOLFIRI regimen. Combination therapy with FOLFOX/FOLFIRI regimen and bevacizumab produced a moderate angiogenesis-blocking effect in most cell lines. CONCLUSION: The results validate our in vitro chemosensitivity assay, and suggest that it may be applied to help determine adequate regimens in individual CRC patients based on the biological characteristics of their tumors.

Characterization of biological responses of colorectal cancer cells to anticancer regimens / 대한외과학회지

PURPOSE: Identification of subgroups of patients who differ in their response to treatment could help to establish which of the best available chemotherapeutic options are best, based on biological activity. In metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC), novel molecular-targeted agents that act on pathways that regulate cell growth, the cell cycle, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and invasion are being developed. Here, we employed an in vitro chemosensitivity assay to evaluate the biological efficacy of conventional monotherapies and combination chemotherapy with targeted drugs. METHODS: The chemosensitivities of 12 CRC cell lines to the established regimens FOLFOX (5-fluorouracil [5-FU] + leucovorin + oxaliplatin) and FOLFIRI (5-FU + leucovorin + irinotecan) and to therapy with these regimens in combination with the biologically targeted drugs bevacizumab or cetuximab were comparatively evaluated for their effects on apoptotic and autophagic cell death processes, angiogenesis, and invasion. RESULTS: Each of the chemotherapeutic regimens promoted apoptotic cell death and invasion. All drug regimens caused significantly greater apoptotic cell death with activation of caspase-3 in SW480 cells compared to other cells, effects that were associated with a remarkable reduction in matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity. The FOLFOX regimen more effectively promoted apoptotic cell death, angiogenesis, and invasion than the FOLFIRI regimen. Combination therapy with FOLFOX/FOLFIRI regimen and bevacizumab produced a moderate angiogenesis-blocking effect in most cell lines. CONCLUSION: The results validate our in vitro chemosensitivity assay, and suggest that it may be applied to help determine adequate regimens in individual CRC patients based on the biological characteristics of their tumors.